"In God we trust" was first added to U.S. coins in 1864 during the Civil War and became the national motto in 1956. It aimed to unify the country and differentiate it from communist rivals. Despite challenges on constitutional grounds, the Supreme Court ruled it secular and not violating the Establishment Clause.
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West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) upheld individual rights, especially freedom of expression, amidst compulsory patriotism. The case involved Jehovah's Witnesses refusing to salute the flag due to religious beliefs. The Supreme Court ruled in their favor, establishing the precedent that the state cannot compel patriotic expression, highlighting the importance of defending minority beliefs and promoting tolerance.
Greg C. Miller, Author 